Urdu Ramayana: A Composite Culture Through The Eyes Of Urdu Poets

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(From Ramayan in Urdu by Asghar Husaain Khan ‘Nazeer Ludhianvi’)

(Long before Christ was born. Blessed were the people of this world by your presence, Oh Lord. It’s ages now since you travelled this world, but live you on, in our shayari and poetry till day.)

And then a Persian poet says :-

???? ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ??

???? -???? ??? ????? ? ??????-?-?????? ??

(??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???)?

(If you want to keep your heart aflame, do read at times the story and poetry of the past).

And I present to you Ramayan through the eyes of Urdu poets

(???-?-????? ?? - ????? ?????? ?? ???????-?-??????)

I grew up with my grandfather. He was a poet, a Shayar, an Urdu scholar and musician. I was barely 12 years old then I wanted to go out and play cricket. My grandfather was shocked "??????, ??????, ?? ????? ?????" – You should sit with me and sing the Ramayan, and we sang till sunset. One ????? (stanza) in Raga Jaijaiwanti, and the other in Raga Nand and this was a daily affair. Then my grandfather would recite shers from Urdu Ramayan ?and make us sing ?????? ?? ?????? (Chakbast Ki Ramayan) in Raga Kedar.

Written by Brij Narayan Chakbast (1882-1926) in the Soz and Marsya tradition, this beautiful Urdu Masnavi (poetry) is a scene from Ramayan when Ram goes to meet Kaushalya prior to leaving for ‘Banvas’.

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????-???? ?? ???????-????? ??? ????
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Taking the name of God, Ram took leave from his father and thus stood by his promise. Wiping his tears he spoke to his mother and told her that he is leaving , to which Kaushlya remarked -

???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???
???? ? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????
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??? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??
??? ???? ???, ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????-?-??? ??
??? ?? ????, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??

(Had I been born in the house of a fakir, I wouldn’t have to face this ordeal my son. You are more than a Sultanate to me. Happy will I be if one burns this throne and crown down. And if you are not around I would myself burn this Kingdom down).

???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? –

'????-?-??? ?? ? ??? ???-?-?? ?????,

????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????

(No throne or crown or wealth do I need, what I need is but just you)

Imanaged to find the diary of my grandfather. There were some scattered verses of Khushtar Ramayan. Khushtar Ramayan is one of the earliest Ramayan in Urdu written by Munshi Jagganath Khushtar (1809–1864). A strange feeling of moledro crept in, as I kept my grandfather’s diary down. I had a licotic feeling that I have to write about the beautiful Urdu Ramayan and share it with my friends.

Khushtar started reading Ramayan only at the age of 40 and thereafter he set the Ramayan in Urdu verses without changing the basic story of Ramayan. He started his Ramayan with Bismillah-ir-Rahman-ir-Rahim; then a Hamd and Naat in praise of Allah and then seeks permission from Allah to write his poetic interpretation of Ramayan.

?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??

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(? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??, ???? ?? ???? ?? ???)

(O Lord, please give power to this pen so that nothing may stop me from writing this Ramayan)

Khushtar style of writing - his poetry, were strongly influenced by the writing of Firdawsi, the great Persian poet (born 1025) who wrote ‘Shahnameh’ , the greatest Persian epic & world’s longest epic poem. But unlike Firdawsi who turned to his beloved and wine to complete his book, for Khushtar it was the divine moment, a serendipity, when Saraswati appears in his dream and tells him.

?????? ??? ??? ? ???? ?????

????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???

(?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??, ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????)

(write this Ramayan, not with your pen, but from your heart)

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(And write this in beautiful Urdu which should be simple and understood by all and liked by one and all).

And then Khushtar wrote the Masnavi in Urdu & Farsi.

Khushtar describes the scene when Sita is in captivity of Ravan and Ravan tells Sita that he wants to marry her and gives her 1 month time to think about it.

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(???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??, ??? ??? ????? ?????)

In his Ramayan wherever Khushtar has described an event or Ayodhaya of Lord Ram’s time, he brings in the flavor of his Awadh that existed during his time.

Khustar describes Lord Rama’s clinquant ‘Barat’ (????), procession

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and describing the heavenly lilting music during Ram’s marriage ---- Khustar says –

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(?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??, ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? (?? ???????? ?????) ?? ?????? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??)

The Epic Ramayan has fascinated the poets / authors across the globe for the sheer beauty of its story and its literary composition. Hence, it is not surprising ,at all, that Ramayan has been translated in probably, all the major and minor languages, within the subcontinent and beyond. Understandably, the foremost Urdu and Persian poets and Shayars have all been inspired to give vent to their own flight of imagination and fantasy and poetic felicity, taking the readers almost into the realm of ‘willing suspension of disbelief’. ?

Maryada Purushottam Ram has been described in the most eloquent verses, by Urdu and Persian poets.

Dwarka Prasad ‘Ufuq’ Lucknavi in his Ramayan Yak Qafia describes the scene when Ram is desperately searching for his abducted wife Sita, imploring with each living and innate objects whether they had seen his Sita, seen his wife:?

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In desperation Ram asks about Sita’s well being and whereabouts to every being which walked or flew. He asked the branches, he asked the flowers, he asked the fruits and asked the trees, but in vain all were quite, depressed and lifeless. What could the deer tell where Sita was.

Similarly look at the beauty of this Persian poetry by Asghar Hussain Khan ' Nazeer Ludhianvi' who in the last chapter called ??????? of his Ramayan describes the scene where Ram returns to Ayodhya and the Diwali is celebrated.

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Ram’s human frailty, emotion and angst is all brought out in the sublime poetry by the Farsi poet Masihi.

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( ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?)

Seeing this Ram was very disturbed and kept looking for his Sita.

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When Ram couldn’t find his beloved, he falls on the ground like a lifeless body.

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Crying like a true lover and expressing grief, Ram’s whole body was wet with tears.

The Urdu Ramayan other than a couple of them are not translations of either Valmiki or Tulsidas Ramayan, rather they are poetic interpretation and poetic description of events of Ramayan and the charismatic personality of Ram supremely and elegantly written in beautiful flowering and eloquent Urdu and Farsi.

The choices of ‘Lafz’ (words) adds to the majestic elegance of these Urdu Ramayan and is a perfect example of concinnity, creating a beautiful piece of art.

What is surprising is, there are twice as many Ramayans in Urdu ?as there are of Quran and Ramayan was translated into Urdu much before Quran was translated. There are over 100 Urdu / Farsi Ramayan.

Somewhere around 1584 Akbar ordered Mullah Abdul Badayuni to translate the Ramayan in Farsi and this was the first ever Farsi translation of Ramayan. It took Badayuni 4 years to complete it. This had a set of about 14 Ramayan Miniatures in Pahari style. This book was in custody of Akbar’s mother Hamida Bano Begum Alias Mariam Makani who was a Bibliophile. The pages of this Ramayan were embellished in Gold water. A version of the above Ramayan is that of Mirza Khan Abdul Rahim Khan-e-Khanam which has been microfilmed and is kept at Freer Art Gallery, Washington.

This ‘Ramayan Masihi’ which was later published by Munshi Nawal Kishore press, Lucknow, has 400 pages and 8000 ?Shers. The first 20-25 pages of this book, as per the tradition those days is full of Hamd and Naat in praises of Allah and then starts the Ramayan.

After Akbar, during the reign of Emperor Shahjahan, there were two important translations of the Ramayan. One by Sheikh Sadullah Massih (?????-?-???-?-????) and other by Giri Das. Commenting on Masnavi-e-Ram-e-Sita by Sheikh Sadullah Massih, S. Gandhi writes “although the basic structure of this Masnavi is that of Valmiki’s epic, what is worth noting is, that he calls his version of Ramayan Masihi – ‘Masnavi-e-Ram-e-Sita’ and not ‘Masnavi-e-Ramayan’. Masihi molds the story in form of a Persian romance between 2 lovers Ram and Sita. And the romance is tinged with a mystical-allegorical dimension,?

thus, Ram’s tribulation while in search of Sita, often mirrors those of a tormented soul seeking unity with divine. Masihi’s Ramayan evokes a poetic realm of Hindustan within the literary conventions of the Persian Masnavi.

Then during Aurangzeb's regime, Chandrabhushan Bedil translated the Ramayan in Persian and Auranzeb’s brother Dara Shikoh himself translated the Ramayan in Farsi.

These, more than 100 Urdu versions of Ramayan, mostly goes by the name of the Shayar / Poet like ?Ulfat’s Ramayan, Rahmat’s Ramayan, Ramayan of Jewala Prasad Barg, Hari Narayan Sharma, Sahir, Banwari Lal Shola, Mahatma Shiv Brat Lal. Most of these were published by Nawal Kishore press and Tamanna Press, Lucknow. Apart from above translations, then there are what is known as ?????? or ?'???????? ????? ????' which are poetic interpretation of the events of Ramayan ?by the Urdu poets. Important ones are by Munshi Jagganth Khushtar (Khushtar Ramayan), Munshi Shankar Dayal ‘Farhat’, Banke Bihari Lal ‘Bahar’, Suraj Narain ‘Mehar’ ; Ramayan Yak Qafiya by Dwarka Prasad Ufuq’Lucknavi’, Maulvi Badshah Hussain Rana ‘Lucknavi’; Amar Kahani – Manjum Ramayan by Jageshwar Nath 'Betab Barelvi' , Ramayan by Asghar Hussain Khan ' Nazeer Ludhianvi.'

Maulvi Badshah Hassan Ranas Ramayan which is just in 9 pages is read out in Bikaner, Rajsthan even till today during the Dussehra ---------

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Earlier Rana in his Ramayan writes :

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Dwarka Prasad ‘Ufuq’ Lucknavi’s ?- ‘Ramayan Yak Qafiya’ was published in 1885. This book of Ufuq’s poetry based on Ramayan, has 1200 couplets (sher). What is amazing is that the same Qafiya is maintained all throughout the Masnavi and all the couplets has the same meter (beher).

Presenting few sher’s from Ufuq’s Chef d’oeuvre.

Describing Ram’s charismatic personality Ufuq says -

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(The shining forehead of Ram, with the brilliance of the ‘Chandan Tilak’ is like the moon shining by the side of Lord Shiva).

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(The dust of Ram’s feet has the power to cure all the ills and aliments of the sick of the world).

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(My pen flows in ecstasy while describing Ram’s radiance and his luminous glow which emanates from him ,from head to foot. Ram’s entire body is glittering and resplendent with peerless brilliance and beauty. His beautiful dusky face, reminds one of the beauty of his pupil).

Elsewhere Sagar Nizami writes in his Nazm ‘Ram’

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He was the spirit of life and candle of spirituality. In the form of human he was knowledge incarnate).

And then Ufuq so beautifully describes the scene where Dashrath is trying to calm down and console Kaikaee who is crying in an attempt to manipulate Dashrath to send Ram to ‘Banvas’.

“What do you want my dear Kaikaee” – asks Dashrath

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Asks Dashrath why are you so troubled my love, what is bothering you. Tell me what you want my dear. Who should I make the king and who should I deprive of everything and make worthless.

Ufuq in most beautiful and illecebrous ?manner describes the scene when Sita goes to the temple to pray to Devi, that she has Ram as a husband and finds Ram in the garden.

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In the temple while praying to Devi though Devi’s name is on Sita’s lips, but in her heart and mind it was Ram and only Ram. So much was Sita in love and lost in thought of Ram, that when she tried putting the garland on Devi’s idol, the garland fell on the ground. Devi smiled at the senselessness (??????) of Sita and Sita asks Devi that she has Ram as a husband.

And Betab Barelvi in his Manjum Ramayan describes the event around Ram-Sita's ?marriage in the most ‘Shayrana’ manner. This is a scene after Sita has garlanded Ram and her friends are teasing her and telling her that she has totally lost her senses, ?thinking nothing but of Ram. ?

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(???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???)

And when Lakshman was fatally injured and Ram was by his side, Dwarka Prasad Ufuq Lucknavi writes :-

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????? ????? ??? ?? ????, ???? ????? ?? ?? ????

(Why are you so quite my brother, we came together and why do you leave me alone in these difficult times.)

This Urdu Ramayan tells us about the halcyon days when language had no religion – Language was not associated with any religion. It tell us about the mingling of culture and the ???? ????? ????? and since language had no religion these odes/hamd/vandana were considered secular. ?

Considered amongst the finest of the Urdu Ramayan is Amar Kahani – Manjum Ramayan by Jageshwar Nath Betab Barelvi. This Ramayan of 53 pages was published sometime after 1949. Betab Barelvi starts the Ramayan with a tribute to Amar his son who died untimely , very young. ? ? It reminds me of what Wordsworth said “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling; from emotions recollected in tranquility. ??

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(I am guilty that I couldn’t save you my son. Fought to change the destiny which I couldn’t . I dedicate this Shivala, this ‘Ramayan’ to you.)

The Ramayan starts with the scene where Shravan Kumar is accidently hit by arrow of Dasrath and Sharvan is badly wounded and breathing his last. Betab Barelvi writes :-

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(??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ? ???? ??? ????? ??, ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ..????.. ???? ??? ?? ???)

Betab Barelvi’s masnavi is a perfect example of the composite culture (Ganga Jamuna Tehzeeb) of those days. In his Manjum Ramayan, he has used both Hindi and Urdu words in his poetry in perfect concinnity, intermingled beautifully, something like what Amir Khusaru wrote in his famous Ghazal "?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????" where the 1st line is in Persian and the 2nd in Hindustani.

Betab Barelvi writes in Farsi interwoven with Hindi - describing the scene where Shravan Kumar having been badly wounded by Dashrath’s arrow and about to die, requests Dashrath to take water immediately for his blind parents who were all alone in the wilderness.

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(???? ???? ! ????? ?? ??? ??? (??????) ?? ??????? ????? ? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? ? ????, ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???)

Reading Urdu Ramayan replete with beautiful couplets (shers) comes in as such a refreshing Petrichor. The sheer beauty and eloquence of the exquisite Urdu poetry is matchless.

The sillage left behind after reading these Masnavi / this?poetry is so intoxicating, so ambrosial, and the Urdu Ramayan redolent of the Ganga Jamuna tehzeeb that existed then, that we decided to transliterate these wonderful Urdu / Persian Ramayan before it is consigned to oblivion, forgotten and lost to the world , buried under the piles of books or gather dust in the library.

I came across this 120-year-old Mahabharat written in old Urdu and Farsi by Munshi Tota Ram Shayan. Along with my friend Dr. Md. Zakir Hussain of Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library, Patna, we are in process of transliterating the entire book which is more than half done.

Simultaneously we are transliterating Amar Kahani : Manjum Ramayan of ?Jageshwar Nath 'Betab Barelvi' and this too would be completed shortly. We just finished transliterating Ramayan written in Persian by Ashgar Hussain Khan ‘Nazeer Ludhianvi’, published in 1942. Some of the beautiful shers / masnavi of this book has been quoted earlier in this article.

I dedicate this beautiful gem of Urdu poetry to all of you. ?

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???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???-?-??? ???? ??

Let me dedicate this gem of Urdu poetry / shayari to you, may this be the reason for the world to remember me.

(Dr. Ajit Pradhan is the Chief Cardiac Surgeon & Managing Director at Jeevak Heart Hospital, Patna and Secretary of Navras School of Performing Arts)?